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Why do you think it was left to the 'bourgeois intelligentsia' to transform the quest for working-class rights into a philosophy? Lenin is here calling for unity among socialist thinkers, emphasizing that criticisms made by socialist thinkers against one another's thoughts strengthen the enemy ('bourgeois ideology. By Lenin in a pamphlet What Is to Be Done? (1902), in which he defined “propaganda” as the reasoned use of historical and scientific arguments to indoctrinate the educated and enlightened (the attentive and informed publics, in the language of today’s social sciences); he defined “agitation” as the use of. Found in the phrase 'kow-towing to stikhiinost' that Lenin uses as a catch-all for the sins of his opponents. Tr anslated by others as 'bowing' or 'worshipping' stikhiinost. I chose 'kow-towing' to bring out the idea of abject devotion. The origin of the phrase is described in Annotations Part Two. Lenin’s work What Is To Be Done? Was written at the end of 1901 and early in 1902. In “Where To Begin”, published in Iskra, No. 4 (May 1901), Lenin said that the article represented “a skeleton plan to be developed in greater detail in a pamphlet now in preparation for print”.
Author | Nikolai Chernyshevsky |
---|---|
Original title | Chto délat'? |
Country | Russian Empire |
Language | Russian |
Genre | Novel |
Publication date | 1863 |
1886 | |
Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) |
What Is to Be Done? (Russian: Что делать?, tr.Chto délat'?, literally: 'What to Do?') is an 1863 novel written by the Russian philosopher, journalist and literary critic Nikolai Chernyshevsky. It was written in response to Fathers and Sons (1862) by Ivan Turgenev. The chief character is a woman, Vera Pavlovna, who escapes the control of her family and an arranged marriage to seek economic independence. The novel advocates the creation of small socialist cooperatives based on the Russian peasant commune, but one which is oriented toward industrial production. The author promoted the idea that the intellectual's duty was to educate and lead the laboring masses in Russia along a path to socialism that bypassed capitalism. One of the characters in the novel, Rakhmetov, became an emblem of the philosophical materialism and nobility of Russian radicalism despite his minor role. The novel also expresses in one character's dream a society gaining 'eternal joy' of an earthly kind. The novel has been called 'a handbook of radicalism'[1] and led to the founding of the Land and Liberty society.[2] Furthermore, What Is to Be Done? inspired several generations of revolutionaries in Russia, including populists, nihilists and Marxists.
When he wrote the novel, the author was himself imprisoned in the Peter and Paul fortress of St. Petersburg and was to spend years in Siberia. Chernyshevsky asked for and received permission to write the novel in prison and the authorities passed the manuscript along to the newspaper Sovremennik, his former employer which also approved it for publication in installments in its pages. Vladimir Lenin, Georgi Plekhanov, Peter Kropotkin, Alexandra Kollontay, Rosa Luxemburg and also the Swedish writer August Strindberg[3] were all highly impressed with the book and it came to be officially regarded as a Russian classic in the Soviet period.[4][5]
Plot introduction[edit]
Within the framework of a story of a privileged couple who decide to work for the revolution and ruthlessly subordinate everything in their lives to the cause, the work furnished a blueprint for the asceticism and dedication unto death which became an ideal of the early socialist underground of the Russian Empire.
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Reactions[edit]
The book is perhaps better known in the English-speaking world for the responses it created than as a novel in its own right. Fyodor Dostoevsky mocked the utilitarianism and utopianism of the novel in his 1864 novella Notes from Underground as well as in his 1872 novel Demons. Leo Tolstoy wrote a different What Is to Be Done?, published in 1886, based on his own ideas of moral responsibility.[6] It was Vladimir Lenin who found it inspiring (he is said to have read the book five times in one summer) and named a 1902 pamphlet What Is to Be Done?. According to Professor Emeritus of Slavic and Comparative Literature at Stanford Joseph Frank, 'Chernyshevsky's novel, far more than [Karl] Marx's Capital, supplied the emotional dynamic that eventually went to make the Russian Revolution'.[7]
Interesting facts[edit]
The novel mentions in the 4th dream of Vera Pavlovna aluminium as the 'metal of the future'. However, aluminium became widely used only starting with World War I in 1914.
The 'Dame in mourning' appearing at the end of the novel is Olga S. Chernyshevskaya, the author's wife.
References in other work[edit]
Characters with the last name Kirsanov also appear in Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Sons.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky argues with Nikolai Chernyshevsky's ideas in Notes from Underground. In particular, he responds negatively to Chernyshevsky's idealization of The Crystal Palace, a theme which is referenced throughout Russian literature.
American playwright Tony Kushner referenced the book multiple times in his play Slavs!.
The main character of André Gide's Les caves du Vatican (Lafcadio's Adventures), Lafcadio, resembles Rakhmetov.
In the book Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, author Chris Matthew Sciabarra claims that What Is to Be Done? is one of the sources of inspiration for Ayn Rand's thought.[8] For example, the book's main character Lopuhov says: 'I am not a man to make sacrifices. And indeed there are no such things. One acts in the way that one finds most pleasant.'
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Vladimir Nabokov's final novel in Russian The Gift ridicules What Is to Be Done? in its fourth chapter.
References[edit]
- ^Middlebury College
- ^'The Philosophy of Chernishevsky'. Archived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^Myrdal, Jan (1986). Ord och avsikt.
- ^Chernets, L. V. (1990). 'Н. Г.: Биобиблиографическая справка'. Русские писатели. Биобиблиографический словарь. Том 2. М--Я. Под редакцией П. А. Николаева. М., 'Просвещение'. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^Plekhanov, Georgi (1910). 'Н.Г.Чернышевский'. Библиотека научного социализма. Т.4. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^'What Is to Be Done?'.
- ^Amis, Martin (2002). Koba the Dread. Miramax. p. 27. ISBN0-7868-6876-7.
- ^Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1 November 2010). Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. Penn State Press. p. 28. ISBN0-271-04236-2.
Lenin What Is To Be Done Pdf Printable
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Mack, Maynard (1956). The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, pp. 1,085–1,086.
External links[edit]
- What Is to Be Done?. Russian text.
- What Is to Be Done?. 1886 English translation.
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(Redirected from What Is to Be Done)
Original cover
What Is to Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement (Russian: Что делать? Наболевшие вопросы нашего движения, tr.Chto delat'? Nabolevshiye voprosy nashevo dvizheniya) is a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin (credited as N. Lenin) in 1901 and published in 1902.[1] Lenin said that the article represented 'a skeleton plan to be developed in greater detail in a pamphlet now in preparation for print'.[2] Its title is inspired by the novel of the same name by the 19th century Russian revolutionary Nikolai Chernyshevsky. The teaching of buddha pdf.
In What Is to Be Done?, Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic battles with employers over wages, working hours and the like. To educate the working class to Marxism, Lenin insists that Marxists should form a political party, or vanguard, of dedicated revolutionaries to spread Marxist political ideas among the workers. The pamphlet precipitated in part the split of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party between Lenin's Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.[3]
Main points[edit]
Lenin first confronted the so-called economist trend in Russian social democracy which followed the line of Eduard Bernstein. He explained that Bernstein's positions were opportunist, a point expressed by the French socialist Alexandre Millerand as in taking a post in a bourgeois government. Against the economists' demand for freedom of criticism, Lenin advanced the position that the orthodox Marxists had the same right to criticize in return. He stressed that in the struggle against the bourgeoisie revolutionary social democrats would need to pay particular attention to theoretical questions, recalling Engels' position that there were three forms of social democratic struggle, namely political, economic and theoretical.[4]
Lenin puts the case that workers will not spontaneously become Marxists just by fighting battles over wages with their employers; instead, Marxists need to form a political party to publicise Marxist ideas and persuade workers to become Marxists. He goes on to argue that to understand politics you must understand all of society, not just workers and their economic struggles with their employers. To become political and to become Marxists, workers need to learn about all of society, not just their own corner of it, arguing:
Class political consciousness can be brought to the workers only from without; that is, only from outside the economic struggle, from outside the sphere of relations between workers and employers. The sphere from which alone it is possible to obtain this knowledge is the sphere of relationships (of all classes and strata) to the state and the government, the sphere of the interrelations between all classes.[5]
Writing about the wave of strikes in late 19th century Russia, Lenin states that 'the history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own efforts, is able to develop only trade-union consciousness'; that is, combining into trade unions and so on. However, socialist theory in Russia, as elsewhere in Europe, was the product of the 'educated representatives of the propertied classes', the intellectuals or 'revolutionary socialist intellectuals'. Lenin states that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels themselves, the very founders of modern scientific socialism, belonged to this bourgeois intelligentsia.[6]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Le Blanc, Paul (2008). Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin. London: Pluto Press. pp. 9, 128.
- ^Lenin, Vladimir (1901). 'What Is To Be Done?'. Lenin's Selected Works. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^Malia, Martin (1994). The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991. New York: Free Press. ISBN978-0-02-919795-0.
- ^North, David (6 September 2005). 'The Origins of Bolshevism and What Is To Be Done?'. World Socialist Web Site. International Committee of the Fourth International. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^Lenin, Vladimir (1901). 'What Is to Be Done?'. Lenin Internet Archive at Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^Le Blanc, Paul (2008). Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin. London: Pluto Pres. pp. 31, 137–138.
External links[edit]
Lenin What Is To Be Done Pdf Converter
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Lenin, Vladimir (1901). 'What Is To Be Done?', Translated Joe Fineberg and George Hanna. Lenin Internet Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- Blackledge, Paul (3 July 2006). 'What was Done'. An extended review of Lars T. Lih's Lenin Rediscovered: What Is to Be Done? in Context from International Socialism. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- Craig, Joe (10 November 2006). 'Review – 'Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? In Context'. Review of Lars T. Lih's book from Socialist Democracy. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- Draper, Hal (1990). 'The Myth of Lenin's 'Concept of The Party' or What They Did to What Is To Be Done?'. Draper's essay contextualizing What Is to Be Done?.
- Sewell, Rob (14 June 2018). 'The Revolutionary Lessons of Lenin's What is to be Done'. In Defense of Marxism. International Marxist Tendency. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
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